Воленс, Н. В. Колонисты Мурмана и их хозяйство : материалы статистико-экономического исследования 1921-1922 гг. – Москва : [б. и.], 1926. - 111, [1] с., [1] отд. л. Карт. : табл. - (Труды Научно-Исследовательского Института по изучению Севера (б. Северная Научно-Промысловая Экспедиция); Вып. 28).

— 70 — nomy a somewhat healthy nutrition, preserving from scurvy, the num­ ber of cows in each economy being a real index of its general wealth, During the latter decades the relative supply with big cattle is increasing. Sheep are bred mainly for wool in small quantity. Reindeer either gra^ zing in summer in the tundra, or given up to Lapland shepherds, serve mainly as pack animals and are used for hay and fuel transport in winter. The principal food for cattle, when kept in stalls, is hay, however, the latter being insufficient, it is added with lichens, brushes, alguae and even seal meat. Sheep are fed'almost exclusively with twigs. Mea­ dows in the vicinity of settlements are insufficient, though at greater distances there are extensive natural meadovs that may be cleared for hay-mowing. In eastern Murman, the appropriation by the population of natural meadows leads as a rule to communal (by the whole popu­ lation) ownership, meadows being periodically equalized among econo­ mies according to the number of men, and in the western Murman to hereditary use by the family, like ownership. However, in both districts exist permanent haymowing areas, atta­ ched to definite economies, as well as occasional ones, belonging to no one, captured by such or other economy. Of particular importance are manu­ red meadows situated near the houses, which give a crop twice or three times larger than the natural ones. A very serious problem for Murman is, so far, that of fuel. A. por­ tion of western Murman may use wood storing it at a distance of tens of versts in the depth of the mainland, but trees are with every year more and more retiring from the coast. The eastern Murman, on account of distance, can not use wood, and as in the latter years no wood is brought from the White Sea. She uses for heating drift wood and small brushes and begins to work turf. Turf occurs through the whole Mur­ man, and though in her western part its use is known since long, it is introduced into the household of the Russian population with great difficulties. Hunting for game and fowl is not widely distributed; fox, otter and arctic fox, and of fowl, partrige, being caught. All the fur goes for sale. The principal income of the population is brought by fisheries and seal-hunting. Seal-hunting is widely distributed among colonists. Seals are caught into nets sunken not far from the coast from February to May. Before war the average take per economy was about 100 — 150 seals in the region of best catch near Kildin island. The whole take is bought up by forestallers, with the exception of a small quantity of meat reserved for cattle feeding and a fewr skins kept for shoes and clothes. The most important of fisheries is cod-fishery in which the majo­ rity of popufation is participating, especially in eastern Murman. Two modes of fishing are used: a tool bearing a great number of hooks and the angle, which is constantly being driven by the fisherman in order