Allemann, L. The sami of the Kola Peninsula : about the life of an ethnic minority in the Soviet Union / Lukas Allemann ; [transl. by Michael Lomax]. - Rovaniemi : University of Lapland Printing Centre, 2013. - 151 p. : ill., map, portr. ; 25 см. - (Senter for samiske studier, Skriftserie ; 19).

The Sami of the Kola Peninsula A: [ . ] While our father was still alive, we had a roof under our head, though we lived at Aunt Marijas, not in our own house. Why wasn't she around when the war started? That's because she was married to Matrehin 118 , and since they were a fairly well-off family, they fell victim to Stalin's purges. In 1937 her husband was arrested, they took him away and he never came back. And Aunt Marija and her children [,,,] were exiled to the Astrakhan region [...]. Q: As a wife of an 'enemy of the people'? A: As a wife of someone who was persecuted by the state. Before that, she and her husband used to be pretty well-off. But they were uprooted, their whole ex­ tended family was uprooted [...]. When the war was over, she returned and moved back into the house that was her own. It was a warm house with a Rus­ sian stove. Later, there was a bakery in that house. And Aunt Marija worked as a baker in our village. So, she moved back into her property, and we had to find housing somewhere else .119 Whereas at the beginning of collectivization, people were encouraged to join the cooperatives (artel') out of conviction, with time the measures became more and more heavy-handed. As mentioned in the previous chapter, using the example of Semiostrov'e, between 1931 to 1938 many smaller pogosty were closed and their inhabitants relocated to larger villages, most of them established after the Revolu­ tion, and forced to join the kolkhozy . 120 The siidas (pogosty), the age-old form of set­ tlement, were from now finally declared redundant. Many who still preferred the semi-nomadic life and refused to hand in their reindeer to the collective farms were classified as kulaks and some of them were exiled or arrested. In Jona, where a new kolkhoz was founded, a number of men were shot, also as a deterrent .121 The policy, extending right through the Soviet Union, of the general condemna­ tion of entire ethnic groups, rather than - as before - social classes, was something 118This is not necessarily a relative of Anastasija Matrehina. Matrehin is one of the most common Sami family names on the Kola Peninsula. 119Afanas'eva interview, lines 342-371, 467-484. 120Cf.: Bogdanov 2000. 121 Cf.: Robinson/Kassam 1998, 50. Senterfor samiske studier, Skriftserie nr. 19 73