Allemann, L. The sami of the Kola Peninsula : about the life of an ethnic minority in the Soviet Union / Lukas Allemann ; [transl. by Michael Lomax]. - Rovaniemi : University of Lapland Printing Centre, 2013. - 151 p. : ill., map, portr. ; 25 см. - (Senter for samiske studier, Skriftserie ; 19).

Lukas Allemann a more or less voluntary basis. 109 Briefly, the following happened in the period of col- lectivization :110 - The reindeer were largely nationalized; - The reindeer herding was systematized with brigades of herdsmen working as employees on a shift basis, with the wives either joining them as cumrabotnicy or staying at home; - If the parents worked in the tundra, the children stayed in boarding schools; - In all, eleven kolkhozy were organized where the Sami people worked together with Komi, Nenets and Russians. As already mentioned, in the eyes of Soviet planners and ideologues, production- oriented reindeer herding (tovarnoe olenevodstvo) was preferable to the nomadic version (kocevoe olenevodstvo) .11 T he clear preference for the methods practised by the Komi had a definite detrimental impact on the self-confidence of the Sami, who were constantly referred to as a dying-out ethnic group. It would, however, be wrong to state that it was only with collectivization that the traditional form of Sami rein­ deer herding began to disappear. The extensive breeding of the Komi had started, in numerical terms, to largely displace the Sami form of reindeer herding already before the Revolution. Whereas in the mid-nineteenth century the reindeer stock on the Kola Peninsula counted about 5,000 animals, there were already 43,000 in 1894 and 74,000 at the beginning of World War I . 112 B y 1921, however, when the Soviet state power was finally established in the Murmansk region, the number of reindeer had fallen by 60%, with many animals having to be slaughtered in the hard times of war and revolution .113 109Cf.: Afanas'eva interview, lines 59-64. 110Cf.: Klement'ev/Slygina 2003, 71, 115. 111 Cf.: Konstantinov 2006, 7. 112Cf.: Konstantinov 2006, 9. 113Cf.: Robinson/Kassam 1998, 14. Senterfor samiske studier, Skriftserie nr. 19 68